FORM 4 GEOGRAPHY 2018
KEY ANSWERS
PART ONE:- MULTPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1 | A |
2 | A |
3 | C |
4 | D |
5 | D |
6 | A |
7 | A |
8 | B |
9 | A |
10 | C |
PART TWO: MATCHING
1 | B |
2 | C |
3 | D |
4 | A |
PART THREE: STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS
1) A) a volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary object like the earth that allows hot lava, ash, and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface.
B) A= vent B=lava C=crater D= Magma chamber
2) A) Migration: Movement of people from one place of residence to another
B) i) Somalia natural increased: 40 – (13.3 + (-7.5) = 40-5.8 = 34.2 x 100/1000 = 3.42%
ii) Ukraine natural increased: 10.5 – 14.4 = -3.9 x 100/1000 = – 390/1000 = – 039%
iii) Ukraine population is decreasing
3) A) Solar system: a group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and its 9 planets that revolve around it
B) Consequences of earth’s rotation around the sun include:
-
- Day and night
- Difference of 1hr between two meridians 150 apart
- Deflection of winds and ocean currents
- Daily rising and falling of tides (high and low tides)
4) A) Trade: buying and selling of goods and services between two persons, firms or countries
B) Problems facing Trade in Somalia:
-
- Somalia depends on agricultural exports which is affected by climatic variation, diseases and pests leading to low production
- Somalia’s exports are of low value as they consist of primary products / semi processed
- Local manufactures suffer unfair competition from abroad firms
- There is ignorance as some Somalis prefer to buy goods from overseas
- Unexpected trade restriction is sometimes imposed on Somalia’s export goods
- Inadequate transport and communication as most roads are poor and impassable during rainy seasons / goods can’t reach market hence increased costs for goods
C) Solution to problems facing trade in Somalia:
-
- Join to an important trading group like COMESA / promote regional integration
- Improve quality and quantity of its export goods
- Improve foreign relations, peace and security
- Facilitate trade and economic liberalization
- Improve regional transport and communication infrastructures
- Has to explore markets in far east Asia where population number is too high
5) A) From map of Arab world name countries 1, 2 and 3
-
- Morocco
- Oman
- Mauritania
B) Explaining two food security problems:
- Producing food in Arab world is challenging
- variable weather patterns
- water scarcity
- Degraded land resources
- Pests and diseases
- They use a lot of many to import staple crops to feed their people
- Produce great diversity agricultural products where soil, climate and water is plentiful
- Arab countries raise animals which provide egg, milk, meat, skins and hides
- Fishing is also an important industry since many countries of Arabs have long water boundaries like Somalia.
6) A) Mining: Extraction of mineral ore and oil from the earth‘s crust
B) Problems facing mining in Puntland:
-
- Some countries with large deposits of minerals lack capital
- Poor transport system may hinder full exploitation Of large deposits in remote areas
- Many developing countries lack skilled personnel and depend o expatriates
- Some countries have small deposits which is uneconomical to exploit
- Price fluctuation is also a contributory problem associated with mining
- In some places exploitation may be hindered by lack of power supply
C) Solution to problems facing mining in Puntland:
-
- Barrowing money from Banks and friendly countries to finance extraction of minerals
- Development of skills related to mining
- Encourage to develop power supply specially renewable energy
- Improve environmental performance
- Rehabilitating abandoned land after minerals have been exhausted
- Development of transport link and infrastructures
- Development of minerals related industries and skills
7) A) Agriculture: cultivation of crops and rearing livestock
B) Problems facing pastoral farming in Somalia:
-
- Shortage of water and pasture
- Pests and diseases
- Overstocking causing overgrazing
- Lack of extension and veterinary services
- Low level of education and culture
- Poor pasture resulting from poor soil
- Loss of livestock life
- Poor transport and communication
- They rear indigenous cattle like zebu and boran
- Small local market as population is sparse
C) Solution to Problems facing pastoral farming:
-
- Encouraging pastoralists to ranching in order to improve quality of their animals
- Improvement of water supply in drier areas by sinking boreholes, wells, etc
- Establishment of ranches to sensitize on better methods of animal farming
- Construction of cattle dips and sitting animal pests and diseases organization
- Teaching pastoralists about advantages of keeping manageable size of herds
- Encouraging them keep smaller number of animals to solve problem of low quality
- Ploughing and resaving pasture / nourishing drought resistant grasses
- Purchasing pedigree animals and cross breeding with indigenous animals
PART FOUR: EXTENDED QUESTIONS – ANSWER ANY FOUR QUESTIONS
1) Study map grid reference and answer related questions:
A) Convert Ratio 1:100,000 scale into:
-
- Representative Fraction: 1/100,000
- Scale statement: 1cm to 1km
B) I) Distance, bearing and direction of X from Y: 2.5 km; 1350 SE
II) IF 1CM = 500M ; 10CM = 10 X 500M = 5000M = 5000/1000 = 5KM
C) Area of triangle abc = S: 1KM; S2: 1KM X 1KM = 1KM2
FULL SQUARES= 14KM2; HALF SQUARES = 6/2KM2
=TOTAL= 14 KM2 + 3 KM2 = 17 KM2
2) A) Comparison between domestic and international tourism
Domestic tourism / Somalia | International tourism / |
|
|
B) Problems facing tourism in Somalia:
-
- Insecurity
- Ethnic clashes in tourist attraction areas
- Illegal hunting of animals
- Terrorist attacks such as bombing
- International media gives negative publicity of Somalia
- Air fares from and to many parts of the world is in cost
- Some tourists encourage poaching
- Tourism can cause young people to drop out of schools
C) Possible solution to tourist problems:
-
- The government is increasing security patrols in tourist areas
- Preaching peace among the tribes since clashes fuel ethnic hatred
- Using game rangers to patrol game parks to hunt for illegal hunters and banning trade in game trophies
- Security personnel are being trained on ways of detecting and countering terrorists
- There should be established tourism promotion bodies in foreign countries to report positively to counter lies
- Air fares should be lowered to encourage tourists coming Somalia as tourists
3) A) i) Manufacturing industry
B) Differentiation between primary and secondary industry
Primary industry | Secondary industry |
Industries involved in exploitation of natural resources like mining, fishing, agriculture, forestry etc | Industries rely on primary products and make final products directly from raw material like sweets, bread, cement, cigarette, pulp and paper industries |
B) Factors affecting development of industries:
-
- Capital: a lot of capital is required in establishing and developing of industries
- Raw materials: industries are located near sources of raw materials to reduce transport costs.
- Power supply: industries are located near source of main power supply to reduce cost of transmitting power
- Market: industries are located where buyers of products are available in densely populated areas to make a profit.
- Labour supply: Intensive industries are located in densely populated areas where is adequate and cheap labour to reduce production cost
- Water supply: Some industries are located near sources of large water supply to provide water for processing raw materials and for washing.
- Investment incentives designed to move economy in specific areas
C) Problems facing industries in Somalia:
-
- Somalia lacks adequate capital for industrial establishment and development
- Has led to displacement of people by forcing them to leave the area to establish a industry
- Industries cause environmental degradation due to pollution they release into the air
- Industries suffer from the problem of raw materials
- Low purchasing power as cost of manufactured goods is too high
- Lack of s labour forcing government to employ expatriates
- It may also lead to poor management leading losses and eventually close down an industry
- Locally produced goods compete with imported ones leading to decline of local industry
- There is problem of high cost energy imported causing high cost products
4) A) Fishing: The act of catching fish and the other aquatic animals for food or for commercial
B) i) Somalia fishery landing sites:
-
- Fresh water fisheries in Somalia like rivers Shebelle and Juba fishing grounds
- Marine fishery landing sites such as
- Northern fishery landing sites eg Zeila, Berbera, Mait, Las Khorei, Bosaso etc
- North-eastern fishery landing sites eg Bargal, Hordia, Hafun, Baila, Eil, Obio, etc
- Southern fishery landing sites eg Mogadishu, Marca, Ell-Ahmed, Brava, Kismayo etc
ii) Reasons responsible for low fish eating condition in Somalia:
-
- To catch fish they use simple tools
- Nomadic herders obtain sufficient from their animals
- In Dhobey or agricultural areas people use crops and animals for food
- Fishing activity is not mainly practiced in Somalia except around coastal villages
- Somalis are low in fishing skills
- They don’t have suitable technology for fishing
- They are careless off proteins in fish meats
b) i) Subtract 100 tons from 500 tons = 500 – 100 = 400 tons
ii) Reason for this decline in NE coasts:
Marine negative activities like strong hurricanes and waves washed badly coastal areas of this region in 1973-1974. Fishing materials like fleets / boats, machines and processing Industries were destroyed by high currents.
5) A) Define terms:
-
- Transportation: Movement of goods and people from one place to another
- Communication: Transferring information from one person or place to another
B) Problems facing transportation in Somalia
-
- Some regions are land locked
- Regions have rugged relief due to presence of valleys and mountains
- Lack of adequate capital for establishment and maintenance of roads, rails, airfields etc
- Political instability in some areas affected transportation in Somalia
- Low purchasing power as cost of manufactured goods is too high
- High cost of travelling due to high cost of fuel
- Colonialists constructed railways of different gauges which makes extension difficult.
C) Possible solutions for the above stated problems
-
- Land locked countries have to develop good relations with their neighbors to use friendly their ports.
- Construction of passes and tunnels through mountains
- Widening and deepening of river channels through dredging and construction of dams
- To set peace mission in the affected countries to restore stability
- Manage and conserve available alternative sources of energy in their countries
- Several African countries have to change the pattern of roads and railways to join their countries together in transportation
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