HISTORY – ANSWER SHEET, June 2012

PART ONE: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

N/Q Option
1 B
2 B
3 C
4 D
5 D
6 B
7 A
8 C
9 D
10 B
11 D
12 A
13 C
14 D
15 D

PART 2 : STRUCTURED QUESTIONS. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

 1) Somali youth league was founded in 15 may 1943. Explain   three major objectives of SYL?

    • They eliminate Somali colonizers in the region
    • They promote Somali languages
    • They participate the Somali elections
    • To improve and restore Somali dignity and to struggle the independence of Somalia

 2) Assess three major achievements of Somali revolutionary   council?

    • Enforcing the Somali Script for the Written Language which has been regarded as the greatest achievement in Somali History.
    • Campaigns against corruption, laziness, tribalism and cleanliness
    •  Establishing the First Somali University
    • Entering Somalia into the Arab League in 1974
    • Creating security courts to solve tribal clashes

 3) a) State three factors that can promote national unity?

    • Same government
    • Constitution
    • Common language
    • National symbol
    • One president
    • Mass media

b) State three factors that can limit national unity?

    • Religion conflict
    • Tribalism & nepotism
    • Political ideologies ( political differences )
    • Discrimination

 4) a) State three main points of Versailles treaty?

    • The treaty declared Germany an aggressor who was supposed to pay reparations and whose military capability was to be reduced.
    • Germany was totally disarmed and only allowed to retain a force of 100,000 soldiers and her navy was disbanded.
    • Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized. Germany troops were not allowed in the region.
    • By the treaty of Versailles, Germany lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France.
    • The treaty established the League of Nation.

    b) Give three reasons why Germany hated the Versailles treaty?

Germany hated the Versailles treaty because of :

    • Germany was forced to pay reparations of the war and guilt
    • Germany military capability was to be reduced
    • Germany lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France.
    • Germany Military conscription was banned
    • Germany army was totally disarmed

 5) a) Explain briefly three causes of cold war?

    • Ideological differences– There was deep-seated fear and mutual suspicion between USA and USSR over the spread of their ideologies–capitalism and communism.
    • Disagreement over the issue of disarmament– The use of atomic bomb on Japan by USA towards the end of World War II alarmed USSR.
    • Economic rivalry- In 1947, the USA President Harry S. Truman introduced the Marshal Plan, a scheme to assist western European countries that had been devastated by war.
    • Formation of military alliances- In April 1949, the USA, western European countries and Canada formed a military alliance through the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. (NATO).Russians responded by signing the Warsaw Pact, in May 1955, a military alliance of communist countries.

      b) Explain briefly three effects of cold war?

    • It brought immense divisions and conflict to people of the same continent, region and countries based on pro-west or pro-east ideologies. E.g. in Angola.
    • Oppressive regimes found their way to power, supported by either the west or the east.
    • There was untold suffering to the people. Disease, poverty and refugee camps became common sights.
    • There was destruction of the economy as infrastructure was destroyed by war.
    • It created mistrust and suspicion amongest nations.
    • It led to arms race. It led to militarization of regions and countries.
    • The cold war led to development in science and technology

 6) a) Where did Mesopotamia civilization begun?

Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and Kuwait.

      b) State three results of development of agriculture in     Mesopotamia?

    • It led to settled life as people now needed to concentrate on farming
    • Food production increased.
    • There was an increase in population along the river valleys due to plenty and regular food supply.
    • There was emergence of city-states and urban centres. For example Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Nippur, Kish and Babylon.
    • Surplus agricultural production led to development of trade between communities.
    • Agriculture influenced writing and arithmetic. Management of estates required knowledge in accounts.
    • Presence of indigenous crops and animals from which domestication was made.
    • Another advantage was that Mesopotamia had a suitable warm climate for crop growing and ripening.

 7) a) What was Brest-litovisk about?

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia’s participation in World War I.

     b) Name four areas that Russia lost in that treaty?

Ukraine, Georgia ,Finland and Poland

  8) a) What does the term assimilation mean?

Policy of Assimilation This was a system of administration in which French colonies were given a culture and civilization similar to that of France.

    b) Give two reasons why the policy of assimilation failed?

    • There was opposition by local people who did not want the French to interfere with their culture.
    • The Traditional African rulers resisted the policy since they did not want to lose their authority and influence over the assimilated people.
    • Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation.
    • Assimilation was becoming too expensive to the French government
    • The vastness of the French colonies made it difficult to supervise the implementation of the policy.
    • Muslims resisted fiercely the French attempt to convert them to Christianity.
    • Racial discrimination against the indigenous people also contributed to the failure of the system.

 9) Give three reasons why Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935?

    • The Fascist government in Italy emphasized on the regaining of lost glory.
    • Benito Mussolini want to spread for the new ideology fascist
    • Benito Mussolini he want to make Italy a great power again
    • Benito Mussolini he want to make Ethiopia Italian empire the horn of Africa

 10) Explain three problems Africans were common in after   independence?

    • Political instability was quite common in African states- Coups d’tat and military takeover was witnessed in Somalia, Zaire, Nigeria, Chad etc Human rights were violated with the rise of dictatorship.
    • The existence of different ethnic groups has contributed to ethnic wars as witnessed in Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Nigeria and Kenya.
    • Most African government seemed ill prepared and in experienced in administration.
    • Poor economic planning. Some economic policies have destabilized the economies.
    • The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states.

 11) Egyptian-Israel peace was reached at camp-David in 1978-9.

      A) Explain why the two sides begun to talk?

The following are the main reasons led the two sides begun the peace talk

    • Israel were suffering economic problems to due to enormous defense expenditure
    • Egyptians ( Anwar Sadat) realized that Israel could not be destroyed by force
    • Many areas was capture in Arab specially Egypt was captured in the Sinai peninsula
    • USA played a vital role for the negotiations

   B) What were the main points agreed?

The main points include:-

    • Egypt promised not to attack Israel again
    • Israel ships should use the Sues canal
    • To stop the war b/w the Israel and Egypt
    • Israel promise the give Egypt the Sinai peninsula

 12) During the Russian civil war, the communists won the war   against the whites. Explain briefly four reasons that gave the   communist victory?

    • The communist won contributed to the peasants , soldiers and the workers
    • Most people hated the old system and they supported the communist
    • Communist were supported by the peasants and workers
    • The professional government failed to stop the war b/c the Russian people were tired
    • There was prolonged poverty and famine the communist leaders promised Russian could get better living .

 13) Explain the factors that contributed to the industrialization   in Britain?

    • It had agricultural raw material
    • It had mineral resources eg: coal and iron
    • Britain had a lot of wealth from overseas trade
    • Britain had skilled labor for industries
    • Britain had good roads and railway network for the transport
    • Britain had market for selling goods
    • Britain government policies supported industrialization

PART THREE: (EXTENDED QUESTIONS)

 1)  a) Explain four social effects industrial revolution?

    • It led to rural-urban migration , which in turn led to overcrowding in urban centers
    • Working conditions in the factories were just as bad as the living conditions
    • Women and children were forced by circumstances to work in the factories . they were subjected to long hours and for very little pay
    • Poor sanitations in the industrial centers often led outbreaking of diseases
    • They were increasing crimes
    • There was scarcity of housing

      b) Explain four economic effects of industrial revolution?

    • The industrial revolution led to an increase in agricultural production through invention new machines.
    • There was improved transport and communication system to facilitates the movements of goods and people
    • New machines and methods of production were invented
    • The Industrial revolution creates employments
    • The industrial revolution leads to exploitation of natural resources
    • The industrial revolution increases urbanization system

 2) a) Discuss the causes of the First World War?

    • Nationalism– Nationalism means being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one’s country. Delegates from Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia decided upon a new Europe that left both Germany and Italy as divided states.Strong nationalist elements led to the re-unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871.
    • Militarism- Militarism means that the army and military forces are given a high profile by the government. The growing European divide had led to an arms race between the main countries.
    • Economic rivalry- According to Marxism, the highest form of capitalism would ultimately lead to an inevitable war through economic rivalry. In the late 19th century, all European powers had industrialized or had started.
    • Imperialism- Imperialism is when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule. By 1900, the British Empire extended over five continents and France had control of large areas of Africa. With the rise of industrialism, countries needed new markets.

   b) Compare and contrast the results of the First World War with  that of the Second World War?

  Compared the results

    • There was massive destruction of property and infrastructure in both wars
    • Depopulation and great suffering as Millions of people perished either in war or due to famine and diseases.
    • People suffered psychologically and emotionally from the loss of loved ones and torture of the war.
    • The end of the wars witnessed change in the status of women
    • The war fomented bitter feelings and mistrust among the countries that fought.
    • German military capability was reduced

 Contrast results

    • USA gained an upper hand in the First World War while the Second World War USA and USSR gained the power
    • on land and sea and heavy indemnity imposed on her.
    • The end of the war witnessed the creation of new states e.g. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland.
    • WWI It led to the great depression 1920 to 1921, which affected economies worldwide.
    • WWI led the creation of the league of nations WWII led the creation of the UNO
    • WWI led to the outbreak of the WWII while WWII led to the outbreak of the Cold war

 3) a) Discuss the causes of the Somali civil war?

    • The Somali Civil War Is Cause By Rebels
    • The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the barre government in 1991
    • Mistrust Among The Somali Leaders
    • Tribalism among Somali leaders and even the societies rise Up

     b) Analyze the consequences of the civil war?

    • Tribal clashes/civil wars, which split the country into small parts .
    • Foreign interference is began
    • Weakness of the Somali national army were common.
    • Corruption and mismanagement of the economy
    • There was also a problem of heavy foreign debt. The country was unable to service her debts.
    • There was a standstill in the economic activities and disruption of railway transport due to civil wars in the country
    • Famine and shortage of health services as the societies adopted
    • Lack of social amenities, like clean water in rural areas.
    • High illiteracy rate increased
    • The Somalian shilling became unstable due to price fluctuations of some commodities.

 4) In 1990 Iraq forces invaded and quickly occupied the small   neighboring state of Kuwait. Explain in detail saddam’s motives   to invade Kuwait?

    • Hussein used a historical claim that Kuwait was once a part of Iraq
    • He wanted to claim Kuwait’s oil reserves to help pay his country’s debts.
    • Saddam was believed Kuwait is a weak region and need to protection from the stronger states
    • He had the strongest army in the region , he did not expect any action from outside world